Survey Handbook Table of Contents
Chapter I	Principles of Survey	Elementary Definitions, etc. Mathematics Map Projections The South African Co-ordinate and Projection System The Grip and Graticule True North, Grid North and Magnetic North Directions General Triangulation of a Country Heights of Triangulation Stations above Mean Sea Level Units of Measure Methods of Fixing a Point Errors and Mistakes Checking Scales Mapping Accuracy Plotting Co-ordinates and Plan Requirements Linear Measurement Measurement of Angles Height Determination Lettering and Draughting
Chapter II	The Theodolite	Introduction General Description The Telescope The Level Tube The Circle Reading Devices Vertical and Horizontal Axes Footscrews Optical Centring The Tripod Setting up the Theodolite Measurement of Angles by Theodolite Testing and Adjustment of the Theodolite Non-adjustable Sources of Error Care of the Theodolite
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Chapter III	Chain Survey	Introduction Field Work Field Book Field Problems Office Work
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Chapter IV	Plane-Tabling	Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages Plane-tabling Equipment Mounting the Plane-table Setting up a Plane-table Orientation and Compass Orientation Centring the Plane-table Application of the Plane-table Theory of Resection Bessel’s Method Judging the Quality of a Resection Locating Detail Height Determination
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Chapter V	Levelling	Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages Plane-tabling Equipment Mounting the Plane-table Setting up a Plane-table Orientation and Compass Orientation Centring the Plane-table Application of the Plane-table Theory of Resection Bessel’s Method Judging the Quality of a Resection Locating Detail Height Determination
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Chapter VI	Elementary Calculations	Introduction Co-ordinates and Directions Functional Angles Trigonometrical Functions Calculating the Polar Calculating the Join Calculating Cut Lines
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Chapter VII	Triangulation: Part 1: Field work	General Principles Reconnaissance Permanent Marks and Signals Locality Sketches Observing Programme Number of Arcs Observing Principles Field Procedure Observing Routine The Field book Eccentric Observations Resections
	Triangulation: Part 2: Office work	General Principles Eccentric Reductions Abstract of Observations Direction Corrections Fixed Sides and Directions Direction Sheet Co-ordinate Calculation Error Figure Final Directions Resections Calculating the Resection (Q Point Method) Calculation of the Resection by Blunt’s Method Error Figure (Resection) Trilateration Error Figure (Trilateration) Auxiliary Points Trigonometrical Levelling
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Chapter VIII	Traversing	Introduction Principles Directions Distances Practical Hints Precise Traversing Calculation of the Traverse Adjusting Extending Closure Preliminary Adjustments Locating Mistakes Inaccessible Terminal Points
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Chapter IX	Tacheometry	Introduction The Stadia System Theory of the Stadia System Variations of the Stadia System The Tangential System Theory of the Tangential System Staves Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Reading Stadia Distances Stadia Traversing Spot Shots Placing of Spot Shots Accuracy of Reading The Field Book and Booking Procedure Tache Levels Reducing Spot Shots Plotting the Plan Plotting Spot Shots Filling in Detail contouring Cadastral Information Matching
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Chapter X	Sections	Introduction Longitudinal Sections Cross Sections Sections from Detail Surveys Plotting of Sections Cut and Fill
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Chapter XI	Setting out works	Introduction Placing Pegs from Co-ordinates Locating the Straights Circular curves Simple Curves Setting out Curves Difficulties in Setting out Curves by Deflection Angles Setting out Curves by Tape only Compound Curves Reverse Curves Transition Curves Vertical Curves Setting out Tunnels and Structures Slope Staking Controlling Earthworks Radius of Existing Curves
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Chapter XII	Areas and Volumes	Introduction Measurement of areas Group (A) : From Dimensions Group (B) : From Co-ordinates Volumes Group (A) : From Dimensions Group (B) : From Spot Shots Group (C): From Contours Group (D) : from Cross-Sections The Mass Haul Diagram
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Chapter XIII	Ground control for aerial survey	Introduction Principles The Nature of the Mark Location of Ground Marks Locality Sketches Ground Survey Numbering of Marks
Chapter XIV	Computing facilities	Introduction Computer Facilities
Chapter XV	Global Positioning System	GPS – BASIC CONCEPTS Introduction GPS Constellation & Control Segment Signal Structure Pseudo-Range Data Processing GPS Biases and Errors GPS Modernisation Other Systems CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS & DATUMS Introduction Cartesian & Geographical Co-ordinates Plane Co-ordinate Systems Geodetic Networks and Datums International Terrestrial Reference Frame World Geodetic System 1984 Hartebeesthoek 1994 Datum Datum Transformation DIFFERENTIAL CODE PHASE GPS Introduction Mathematical Models Real Time DGPS Satellite Based Augmentation Systems GPS CARRIER PHASE MEASUREMENTS Principles Differencing Static GPS Surveying Kinematic Positioning Network RTK GPS + GLONASS PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF GPS SURVEYING                Design & Planning TrigNet Datum Transformation GPS Heighting Examples International GNSS Service (IGS) Internet-Based GPS Data Processing BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Chapter XVI	Conclusion
Appendix Index